Overview
Many countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, China, Israel, Iran, and North Korea, have active cyber capabilities for offensive and defensive operations. The likelihood of physical confrontation and violence playing out as a result of, or part of, a cyber operation is increased as states explore the use of cyber operations and combine capabilities. The National Security Agency (NSA) has played a significant role in the development of cyber warfare capabilities. The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) has established guidelines for protecting against cyber threats.